When applied stress is greater than the internal strength of rock, strain results in the form of deformation of the rock caused by the stress. Stress is the force exerted per unit area and strain is the physical change that results in response to that force. Clockwise from top left: tensional stress, compressional stress, and shear stress, and some examples of resulting strain. These forces are called stress, and the physical changes they create are called strain. Forces involved in tectonic processes as well as gravity and igneous pluton emplacement produce strains in rocks that include folds, fractures, and faults. When rock experiences large amounts of shear stress and breaks with rapid, brittle deformation, energy is released in the form of seismic waves, commonly known as an earthquake. Describe notable historical earthquakesĬrustal deformation occurs when applied forces exceed the internal strength of rocks, physically changing their shapes.
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